The boiling points of alkanes with one to four carbon atoms are so low that all of these molecules are gases at room temperature. Table 9.1 Comparison of Molar Mass and Boiling PointsĪlkanes are nonpolar and are thus associated only through relatively weak London Dispersion Forces (LDFs). The table shows that substances with similar molar masses can have quite different boiling points. 1 lists the molar masses and the boiling points of some common compounds. Recall that physical properties are determined to a large extent by the type of intermolecular forces. The OH groups of alcohol molecules make hydrogen bonding possible. 2).įigure 9.2 Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Methanol. Replacing a hydrogen atom from an alkane with an OH group allows the molecules to associate through hydrogen bonding (Figure 9. This relationship is particularly apparent in small molecules and reflected in the physical and chemical properties of alcohols with low molar mass. Like the H–O–H bond in water, the R–O–H bond is bent, and the -OH portion of alcohol molecules are polar. A primary (1°) alcohol is one in which the carbon atom (in red) with the OH group is attached to one other carbon atom (in blue).Alcohols can be grouped into three classes on this basis. Some of the properties and reactivity of alcohols depend on the number of carbon atoms attached to the specific carbon atom that is attached to the -OH group. The IUPAC suffixes used in naming simple organic molecules are noted in the chart An example is ethanol (CH 3CH 2OH).įigure 9.1 Common Organic Functional Groups that Contain Oxygen. The IUPAC nomenclature guidelines use the suffix ‘-ol’ to denote simple compounds that contain alcohols. Because -OH is the functional group of all alcohols, we often represent alcohols by the general formula ROH, where R is an alkyl group. For example, an alcohol is an organic compound with a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group on an aliphatic carbon atom. While you will not have to formally name complete structures, you should be able to identify functional groups contained within compounds based on their IUPAC names. Figure 9.1 provides the basic organic functional groups for these compounds and the IUPAC suffix that is used to name these compounds. This includes alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. In this chapter you will be introduced to the major organic functional groups that contain oxygen. This reaction is called Saponification reaction.The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids and the Formation of Salts Formation of Esters from Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols Hydrolysis of Esters 9.7 Chapter Summary 9.8 Referencesĩ.1 Introduction to Compounds that Contain Oxygen The potassium salts are soaps which is then made into a solid masses. They hydrolyse the oils with Potassium hydroxide and form potassium salts of the carboxylic acids and the glycerol is separated and used for other purposes like manufacture of moisturising creams etc. This reaction is the one used in Soap manufacturing. They hydrolyse to form the original acid and the alcohol components. Animal fat and vegetable oils are esters of carboxylic acids and glycerol. They are of general formula #R - COO- R'#, They are neutral compounds. The esters on the other hand are products of carboxylic acids and alcohols. Hence the mixture of carboxylic acids and their salts with bases form a solution which is of constant pH. This means that the above reaction is subject to Lee-Chatlier Principle and Common ion effect. #R-COOH rightleftharpoons R-COO^(- )+ H^+# (i.e.)These acids are weak in terms of corrosive ability and this is due to the fact that they are compounds with covalent bond and dissociate with a reaction which is reversible in NTP. They are more weaker than inorganic acids. They react with bases to form salt and they turn blue litmus paper to red and have other properties of acids. Esters on the other hand are less reactive compounds than Carboxylic acids.Ĭarboxylic acids are acids like #HCl, H_2SO_4# etc. The presence of Hydrogen in #-OH# form makes the carboxylic acids behave like inorganic acids. # - CO-OH# is carboxylic acid functional group.
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